For employees that have pre-tax dollars within their 401(k) plans, when you take a loan, it is not a taxable event, but the 401(k) loan payments are made with AFTER TAX dollars, so as you make those loan payments you are essentially paying taxes on the full amount of the loan over time, then once the money is back in ...
You end up paying taxes on your loan repayments—twice.
Your 401(k) loan repayments, on the other hand, get no special tax treatment. In fact, you'll be taxed not once, but twice on those payments. First, the loan repayments are made with after-tax dollars (that means the money going in has already been taxed).
Most employees set up automatic payroll deductions to repay their loans and pause contributions until the loan is repaid.
Roth 401(k), Roth IRA, and pre-tax 401(k) retirement accounts. Designated Roth employee elective contributions are made with after-tax dollars. Roth IRA contributions are made with after-tax dollars. Traditional, pre-tax employee elective contributions are made with before-tax dollars.
Deferring Social Security payments, rolling over old 401(k)s, setting up IRAs to avoid the mandatory 20% federal income tax, and keeping your capital gains taxes low are among the best strategies for reducing taxes on your 401(k) withdrawal.
A Traditional (or Rollover) IRA is typically used for pre-tax assets because savings will stay invested on a tax-deferred basis and you won't owe any taxes on the rollover transaction itself. However, if you roll pre-tax assets into a Roth IRA, you will owe taxes on those funds.
Repayment of the loan must occur within 5 years, and payments must be made in substantially equal payments that include principal and interest and that are paid at least quarterly. Loan repayments are not plan contributions.
Rules of taking out a 401(k) loan are as follows:
There is a 12 month "look back" period, which means you can borrow up to 50% of your total vested balance of all accounts you owned for the last 12 months, reduced by the highest outstanding balance over this look back period.
Any money borrowed from a 401(k) account is tax-exempt, as long as you pay back the loan on time. And you're paying the interest to yourself, not to a bank. You do not have to claim a 401(k) loan on your tax return.
Do you pay taxes twice on 401(k) withdrawals? We see this question on occasion and understand why it may seem this way. But, no, you don't pay income tax twice on 401(k) withdrawals. With the 20% withholding on your distribution, you're essentially paying part of your taxes upfront.
Only the interest paid on the loan comes from post-tax money. The loan principal itself is paid back with the pre-tax funds that you were loaned and the money that is coming out of your post-tax pay is simply replacing the pre-tax money that was spent.
As long as you are paying back the loan on time, according to the plan's rules and the legal requirements for 401k accounts, there's nothing taxable and nothing to report.
After other borrowing options are ruled out, a 401(k) loan might be an acceptable choice for paying off high-interest debt or covering a necessary expense. But you'll need a disciplined financial plan to repay it on time and avoid penalties.
If you don't repay the loan, including interest, according to the loan's terms, any unpaid amounts become a plan distribution to you. Your plan may even require you to repay the loan in full if you leave your job.
A 401(k) loan interest rate is usually a point or two above the prime rate. The current prime rate is 8.25%, so your 401(k) loan rate would be from 9.25% to 10.25%. Your credit score doesn't affect the interest rate, which is one reason why so many people find 401(k) loans appealing.
The maximum amount a participant may borrow from his or her plan is 50% of his or her vested account balance or $50,000, whichever is less. An exception to this limit is if 50% of the vested account balance is less than $10,000: in such case, the participant may borrow up to $10,000.
Can you pay off a 401(k) loan early? Yes, loans from a 401(k) plan can be repaid early with no prepayment penalty. Many plans offer the option of repaying loans through regular payroll deductions, which can be increased to pay off the loan sooner than the five-year requirement.
What does the 4% rule do? It's intended to make sure you have a safe retirement withdrawal rate and don't outlive your savings in your final years. By pulling out only 4% of your total funds and allowing the rest of your investments to continue to grow, you can budget a safe withdrawal rate for 30 years or more.
Although regulations specify a five-year amortizing repayment schedule, for most 401(k) loans, you can repay the plan loan faster with no prepayment penalty. Most plans allow loan repayment to be made conveniently through payroll deductions—using after-tax dollars, though, not the pretax ones funding your plan.
As a general rule, if you withdraw funds before age 59 ½, you'll trigger an IRS tax penalty of 10%. The good news is that there's a way to take your distributions a few years early without incurring this penalty. This is known as the rule of 55.
Typically, it's the prime rate plus 1% to 2%. As of November 2023, the prime rate is 8.50%, which makes a 401(k) loan about 9.50% to 10.50% APR, depending on your plan's administrator. Relatively fast funding: As early as your next paycheck, you could see the money in your account.
A traditional 401(k) plan allows eligible employees (i.e., employees eligible to participate in the plan) to make pre-tax elective deferrals through payroll deductions.
If you don't roll over your payment, it will be taxable (other than qualified Roth distributions and any amounts already taxed) and you may also be subject to additional tax unless you're eligible for one of the exceptions to the 10% additional tax on early distributions.