The estimated federal cost of student loans issued between 2015 and 2024 has increased by $340 billion – from a projected gain of $135 billion in the 2014 baseline to an expected loss of $205 billion in the 2024 baseline (even this cost is now likely an underestimate due to new pending rules affecting student loans).
The outstanding federal loan balance is $1.620 trillion and accounts for 91.2% of all student loan debt. 42.8 million borrowers have federal student loan debt. The average federal student loan debt balance is $37,853, while the total average balance (including private loan debt) may be as high as $40,681.
Borrowers often wonder how the U.S. Department of Education spends the interest that borrowers pay on federal student loans in the Direct Loan program. Most of the money goes to cover the costs of making, servicing and collecting the student loans, as well as defaults, discharges and loan forgiveness.
While the president's debt forgiveness plan was struck down in court, calls to forgive student loan debt will continue to be part of the broader policy and political debate. In addition to increasing the national debt and potentially worsening inflation. The same paycheck covers less goods, services, and bills.
"And if you assume there's a likelihood it's canceled, you're going to be more likely to take out more debt up front. That's going to give colleges more pricing power to raise tuition without pressure and to offer more low-value degrees."
Positive Impacts of Canceling Student Debt
Though plenty of borrowers owe more than $10,000, any sort of student loan forgiveness would benefit them financially. Some economists believe loan forgiveness also would stimulate the economy as borrowers could use that money for other purposes, such as buying a home.
Grants and Student Loans
Typically, the school first applies your grant or loan money toward your tuition, fees, and (if you live on campus) room and board. Any money left over is paid to you directly for other education expenses.
The interest rate for undergraduate Stafford loans, both subsidized and unsubsidized, is 6.53%. Rates are fixed for the life of the loan. (For more, see How Interest Rates are Determined.) The interest rate for unsubsidized Stafford loans made to graduate students is 8.08%.
When the time comes to start making payments, only the student is obligated to repay these loans — not the parents. In fact, there's no co-signer. If the student defaults on a federal student loan, it will affect the student's credit and won't be reported on the parent's credit history.
Adults with a postgraduate degree are especially likely to have a large amount of student loan debt. About a quarter of these advanced degree holders who borrowed (26%) owed $100,000 or more in 2023, compared with 9% of all borrowers. Overall, only 1% of all U.S. adults owed at least $100,000.
The average debt for a 4-year Bachelor's degree is $35,530. The average 4-year Bachelor's degree debt from a public college is $31,960. 61% of students who completed a Bachelor's degree have received student loans. The average 4-year Bachelor's degree debt from a private for-profit college is $47,730.
Economic and social consequences of the student loan debt crisis affect individuals the most, impacting daily lives and hopes for the future. Among low-end wage earners, education is worth significantly less. The median wage among workers with earnings among the lowest 10% is less than half the national median wage.
Education originally estimated these loans to generate $114 billion in income for the government. Although actual costs cannot be known until the end of the loan terms, as of fiscal year 2021 these loans are estimated to cost the federal government $197 billion.
Borrower defense to repayment is a way of discharging (removing your obligation to repay) federal Direct Loans. Borrowers can receive borrower defense discharge if their school misled or lied to them about something central to their decision to enroll or take out loans.
Sixteen percent of Americans with student loans are behind on their payments, putting them at risk of accumulating interest and lowering their credit scores. Those with lower incomes and less education are more likely to be behind on their payments. Source: Federal Reserve (2024). Source: Federal Reserve (2024).
Why are student loan interest rates so high? As noted above, private student loan rates will fluctuate with market trends and from lender to lender. They also depend on a borrower's credit score. As of November 2024, some private student loan rates start at about 4% and go up to around 17%.
Federal student loans and federal parent loans: These loans are funded by the federal government. Private student loans: These loans are nonfederal loans, made by a lender such as a bank, credit union, state agency, or a school.
From 1997 to 2021, the Education Department estimated that payments from federal direct student loans would generate $114 billion for the government. But the GAO found that, as of 2021, the program has actually cost the government an estimated $197 billion.
Most student loans — about 92.4% — are owned by the government. Total federal student loan borrowers: 42.7 million. Total outstanding federal student loan debt: $1.64 trillion.
What happens when student loans are sold. The process of selling student loans doesn't affect what you owe, your interest rate or your repayment terms. It can, however, mean a change in your loan servicer, and it may take up to 60 days for that transfer to take place.
Pros and Cons at a Glance
Forgiveness would boost the economy, benefiting everyone. Read More. Con 1: Student loan forgiveness is an abuse of the loan system. People must be held responsible for their personal economic choices.
Cancelling student loan debt may reduce unemployment by adding up to 1.5 million new jobs. Federal student loans represent 90.8% of all student loan debt, public and privately held ($1.77 trillion total).
If your monthly payment does not cover the accrued interest, your loan balance will go up, even though you're making payments. Unpaid interest will also capitalize each year until your total balance is 10% higher than the original balance. This means you will pay interest on your interest.