Is a promissory note a debt or equity?

Asked by: Hosea Sauer  |  Last update: February 15, 2026
Score: 4.9/5 (36 votes)

A promissory note is a form of debt that companies and individuals sometimes use, like loans, to raise money. The issuer, through the notes, promises to return the buyer's funds (principal) and to make fixed interest payments to the buyer in exchange for borrowing the money.

Is a promissory note considered debt?

Promissory notes are a form of debt that companies use to raise money. Investors loan money to a company. In return, investors are promised a fixed amount of periodic income.

Is a promissory note equity?

A convertible promissory note is a debt instrument that converts into equity of the issuing company upon certain events. Typically, a note would convert into equity in a subsequent equity financing round and perhaps upon the note's maturity or a sale of the company.

What is a promissory note classified as?

It is considered a contract, and signing it legally obligates the borrower to pay back the amount borrowed, plus any interest, as defined in the promissory note.

What kind of asset is a promissory note?

For the creditor (the owner) of a promissory note, the promissory note is a liquid asset. Count promissory notes as an available asset unless evidence shows it is not available.

Business Law Breakdown: Enforcing Promissory Notes and Mortgages After Limitations Expire

30 related questions found

Where does promissory note go on balance sheet?

Notes receivable are balance sheet items that record the value of promissory notes. The note is classified as a current asset in the current asset section. Notes receivable are typically for less than one year.

Will a promissory note hold up in court?

Promissory notes are legally binding contracts that can hold up in court if the terms of borrowing and repayment are signed and follow applicable laws.

What type of money is a promissory note?

A banknote is frequently referred to as a promissory note, as it is made by a bank and payable to bearer on demand. Mortgage notes are another prominent example. Promissory note is said to be negotiable instrument when it contains an unconditional promise.

Is a promissory note a capital asset?

Non-Negotiable Promissory Notes Are Not Capital Assets.

What type of account is a promissory note?

Definition of Promissory Note

The maker of the promissory note agrees to pay the principal amount and interest. The maker of the promissory note is known as the borrower or debtor and records the amount owed in a liability account such as Notes Payable.

Is a note debt or equity?

A note is a debt security that obligates issuers to repay the creditor the principal amount of the loan and any interest payments within a defined time frame.

What are the disadvantages of a promissory note?

Disadvantages include:
  • An unsecured note will typically have greater risk than many other investments.
  • If the borrower fails to pay, you will need to file a lawsuit to collect. Collecting on an unsecured promissory note is a two-step process. ...
  • Selling an unsecured promissory note is not as easy as selling a secured note.

What makes a promissory note unenforceable?

Unreasonable terms can invalidate a promissory note. The court determines what's unreasonable, so there's no hard and fast rule. You can avoid it by charging market rate interest and giving the borrower enough time to make a repayment.

What type of loan is a promissory note?

A promissory note is a written promise by one party to make a payment of money at a date in the future. Although potentially issued by financial institutions, other organizations or individuals can use promissory notes to confirm the agreed terms of a loan. In short, a promissory note allows anyone to act as a lender.

Can you write off promissory note payments?

Borrowers: Generally, the payment of interest on a promissory note is not taxable to the borrower. Yet, it often qualifies as a tax deductible expense, particularly in business contexts or qualified personal scenarios like mortgage interest deductions.

What are the risks of promissory notes?

Even Legitimate Promissory Notes Are Not Risk-free

These notes are only as sound as the companies or projects they're financing. Smart public companies can still stumble because of competition, bad management decisions, or unfavorable market conditions.

What category is a promissory note?

A promissory note is a form of debt that companies and individuals sometimes use, like loans, to raise money. The issuer, through the notes, promises to return the buyer's funds (principal) and to make fixed interest payments to the buyer in exchange for borrowing the money.

What is the difference between a promissory note and a debt?

The borrowing party promises to repay the loan according to specified terms. A promissory note is often viewed as a legal IOU. However, strictly speaking, an IOU is a written record of a debt, not a promise to repay this by the borrower.

How do you record promissory notes in accounting?

The promissory note journal entry is recorded by debiting the account that receives value, commonly the cash account, and crediting the notes payable account.

Are promissory notes assets or liabilities?

A promissory note is recorded as a liability. Depending on the terms of repayment, the promissory note could be listed on a balance sheet as a: short-term liability if the note is payable in full within 12 months. long-term liability if the full amount of the note is repayable in more than 12 months.

What happens if the maker of a promissory note fails to pay?

If the maker fails to pay according to the terms of the promissory note, the holder can foreclose on the property that secured the note, thereby recovering the unpaid principal of the note, interest, fees and expenses. An unsecured promissory note is one that is not secured by any collateral.

Do you have to pay taxes on a promissory note?

Usually, income from a promissory note comes in the form of interest, which is subject to taxation and needs to be reported on your tax return.

Can you go to jail for a promissory note?

Promissory note fraud is a crime and those involved in a scam can face a lengthy prison sentence if convicted of fraud offenses.

Is a notarized promissory note legally binding?

You can typically sign a legally binding promissory note that contains unconditional pledges to pay a certain sum of money. However, you can strengthen the legality of a valid promissory note by having it notarized. It never hurts to add a layer of protection as you may have to use it in court.

What to do if someone doesn't pay a promissory note?

If the borrower does not repay you, your legal recourse could include repossessing any collateral the borrower put up against the note, sending the debt to a collection agency, selling the promissory note (so someone else can try to collect it), or filing a lawsuit against the borrower.