What happens if you can't pay back a promissory note?

Asked by: Mr. Merle Kilback PhD  |  Last update: February 9, 2026
Score: 5/5 (2 votes)

If the borrower does not repay you, your legal recourse could include repossessing any collateral the borrower put up against the note, sending the debt to a collection agency, selling the promissory note (so someone else can try to collect it), or filing a lawsuit against the borrower.

What happens if I don't pay my promissory note?

If someone fails to pay a promissory note on time, the first step is to obtain a judgment against the person for the total amount owed. To do this, you will need to file a lawsuit in either Small Claims Court or Superior Court (in California the maximum recovery in small claims is $5000).

Can you go to jail for not paying a promissory note?

A long time ago, it was legal for people to go to jail over unpaid debts. Fortunately, debtors' prisons were outlawed by Congress in 1833. As a result, you can't go to jail for owing unpaid debts anymore.

Will a promissory note hold up in court?

Promissory notes are legally binding contracts that can hold up in court if the terms of borrowing and repayment are signed and follow applicable laws.

What happens if someone defaults on a promissory note?

If a borrower defaults on a loan, the lender may pursue legal action to collect the remaining loan balance. The promissory note will typically outline the actions the lender may take in the event of a default, such as hiring a collection agency or filing a lawsuit.

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Can a promissory note be forgiven?

Dealing with Forgiveness: If a promissory note is forgiven, the forgiven amount might be considered income to the borrower and can be reported using IRS Form 1098. Transfer or Sale: Any gain realized from the sale or transfer of a promissory note must be reported as a capital gain or loss.

What happens if the maker of a promissory note fails to pay?

If the maker fails to pay according to the terms of the promissory note, the holder can foreclose on the property that secured the note, thereby recovering the unpaid principal of the note, interest, fees and expenses. An unsecured promissory note is one that is not secured by any collateral.

What voids a promissory note?

A promissory note could become invalid if: It isn't signed by both parties. The note violates laws. One party tries to change the terms of the agreement without notifying the other party.

How do you legally enforce a promissory note?

How to Enforce a Promissory Note (5 Steps)
  1. Step 1: Inform Borrower. Start by arranging a meeting with the borrower via traceable means such as email or chat apps to discuss the debt repayment. ...
  2. Step 2: Enlist Collection Agency. ...
  3. Step 3: Collect Evidence. ...
  4. Step 4: File a Lawsuit. ...
  5. Step 5: Get Legal Remedies.

Does a promissory note create a lien?

While they are very similar, the unsecured promissory note only represents the borrower's promise to pay the full amount plus interest, while a mortgage puts a lien on the real estate that allows the lender to foreclose on it in the case of nonpayment.

What debt can you go to jail for?

You cannot be arrested or go to jail simply for having unpaid debt. In rare cases, if a debt collector sues you to collect on a debt and you don't respond or appear in court, that could lead to arrest. The risk of arrest is higher, however, if you fail to pay taxes or child support.

How do I get out of a promissory note?

To end an agreement made through a promissory note after the borrower has paid back the loan, you can use a release of promissory note form. It marks the deal as completed and helps tie up any loose ends.

How long before a debt becomes uncollectible?

Most states or jurisdictions have statutes of limitations between three and six years for debts, but some may be longer. This may also vary depending, for instance, on the: Type of debt. State where you live.

Can a promissory note go to collections?

An unsecured promissory note doesn't involve collateral. In this case, if the borrower doesn't repay the loan, the lender can try to use standard debt-collection procedures.

Is there a time limit on a promissory note?

Promissory notes have a statute of limitations. Depending on which U.S. state you live in, a written loan agreement may expire 3–15 years after creation. For example, Florida's statute of limitations on promissory notes is five years.

Can you go to jail for a promissory note?

Promissory note fraud is a crime and those involved in a scam can face a lengthy prison sentence if convicted of fraud offenses.

What to do if someone doesn't pay a promissory note?

If the borrower does not repay you, your legal recourse could include repossessing any collateral the borrower put up against the note, sending the debt to a collection agency, selling the promissory note (so someone else can try to collect it), or filing a lawsuit against the borrower.

Can a promissory note stand up in court?

Promissory notes are legally binding whether the note is secured by collateral or based only on the promise of repayment. If you lend money to someone who defaults on a promissory note and does not repay, you can legally possess any property that individual promised as collateral.

Can you foreclose on a promissory note?

Specifically, if you fail to make the payments scheduled in the promissory note, you will default on the loan, and the lender will become entitled to foreclose the note in the manner specified in the deed of trust: namely, the lender can sell your property, use the sale proceeds to pay off the debt owed under the note ...

Can I sue with a promissory note?

If the debtor fails to pay the debt specified in the promissory note, no other evidence of a breach of contract is necessary to enforce that debt. To enforce a promissory note, you will likely need to: sue the debtor of the note. get a judgment from the court.

Who is primarily liable on a promissory note?

It is the maker who is primarily liable on a promissory note. The issuer of a note or the maker is one of the parties who, by means of a written promise, pay another party (the note's payee) a definite sum of money, either on demand or at a specified future date.

Can you fight a promissory note?

There are summary proceedings you can use to win a judgment if you have a valid promissory note and your client does not pay as per the agreed-upon terms. A promissory note is breached when payment due, or properly demanded as per the terms of the note, is not received.

How do you get money owed on a promissory note?

You must make a first attempt to contact the borrower through a written note requesting repayment. The letter should include a copy of the promissory note with a statement of the amount due. If this letter is ignored, you will need to move on to the next step.

Do I need a lawyer for a promissory note?

While a lawyer isn't mandatory for drafting a promissory note, it is a good idea to seek legal advice if you plan on lending or borrowing money.

What is it called when you fail to pay a promissory note?

Default is failure to repay a loan according to the terms agreed to in the promissory note.