20% VAT is the common standard rate for Value Added Tax (VAT) in countries like the UK, an indirect consumption tax added to most goods and services, making up a significant portion of government revenue. Businesses collect this tax (20% of the item's price) from consumers and pay it to the government, with credits for VAT paid earlier in the supply chain, so it's ultimately a consumer tax. For example, on a £100 item, you'd pay £20 in VAT, making the total £120.
To calculate VAT, you multiply your price by 1.05 for a 5% VAT rate or 1.2 for a 20% VAT rate. You keep the price as it is for a zero VAT rate. For example, if something costs £50 and you need to add the standard VAT rate of 20%, this would be £50 x 1.2 = £60.
The standard rate applies to most goods and services. To work out the total price at the standard rate of VAT (20%), multiply the original price by 1.2. To calculate the reduced VAT rate (5%), multiply the original price by 1.05.
VAT (Value Added Tax) and GST (Goods and Services Tax) are fundamentally the same type of consumption tax, levied on goods and services at each stage of the supply chain, but the terms are used in different countries and can have structural differences, with GST often being a unified, simpler system replacing multiple taxes (like VAT, sales tax, excise duty) into one, as seen in India and Canada. Both ensure the final consumer pays the tax, while businesses get credits for tax paid on inputs, but specific implementation, rates, and administration vary by country (e.g., EU uses VAT, India uses GST).
Claiming back VAT involves completing a VAT Return – usually each quarter. If completing the VAT Return form online on HMRC's website, you must enter how much VAT your business was charged in that three-month accounting period for goods and services you are able to claim VAT on. This is known as input VAT.
Not all sales are liable to VAT. Some traders are not registered for VAT because their businesses have sales (turnover) below the VAT registration threshold and so they cannot charge VAT on their sales (unless they decide to register voluntarily – see the heading below: Voluntary registration).
A value-added tax is a flat tax levied on an item. It is similar to a sales tax in some respects, except that with a sales tax, the full amount owed to the government is paid by the consumer at the point of sale. With a VAT, portions of the tax amount are paid by different parties to a transaction.
VAT refunds may occur at certain times during the year when the VAT incurred on expenses exceeds the VAT collected on sales.
VAT is usually considered to be better than a sales tax because it causes less distortions. VAT only applies to the value added element of transactions, whereas a sales tax applies to the whole amount.
VAT is calculated based on your taxable turnover, not your profit. That means it applies to the total value of your VATable sales, regardless of your expenses or how much profit you actually make. Profit is relevant for income or Corporation Tax, but VAT is purely based on the value of goods or services sold.
Standard VAT: It applies to most goods and services at a uniform rate, which makes the administration process simpler. Differential VAT: It uses different rates for domestic and imported goods and services. Small Business VAT: It uses simplified VAT systems that have lower reporting requirements for smaller businesses.
Here, we explore the most common VAT mistakes business owners make and how to avoid them.
For VAT purposes, you're disabled or have a long-term illness if: you have a physical or mental impairment that affects your ability to carry out everyday activities, for example blindness. you have a condition that's treated as chronic sickness, like diabetes. you're terminally ill.
VAT (Value Added Tax) and GST (Goods and Services Tax) are fundamentally the same type of consumption tax, levied on goods and services at each stage of the supply chain, but the terms are used in different countries and can have structural differences, with GST often being a unified, simpler system replacing multiple taxes (like VAT, sales tax, excise duty) into one, as seen in India and Canada. Both ensure the final consumer pays the tax, while businesses get credits for tax paid on inputs, but specific implementation, rates, and administration vary by country (e.g., EU uses VAT, India uses GST).
Professionals and sole-proprietors have the option to pick between the two (VAT or Non-VAT). However, if your gross sales exceed PHP 3 million, you are required by the Bureau to opt for VAT. Still, confused about which to opt for? Ask your district's BIR Regional District Office (RDO).
The United States Government does not refund sales tax to foreign visitors. The foreign country in which you paid the Value Added Tax (VAT) is responsible for refunding the tax. Some countries won't refund after the fact, so check with the Foreign Embassies & Consulates office of the country you visited.
If a VAT payment is late, the first contact from HMRC is likely to be an automated letter. You'll also receive a penalty and have to pay interest on the outstanding amount. If you still do not pay what you owe, HMRC can take legal action against your business and potentially even force it into liquidation.
When not to charge VAT
A VAT refund lets VAT-registered UK businesses reclaim VAT paid on eligible business expenses, usually at the standard 20% rate. You must be VAT registered (or eligible under the overseas VAT Refund Scheme) and have valid VAT invoices to make a successful claim.
You can claim a refund on the VAT return itself by completing Box 23 except in the case of appellate orders. In this case the tax department will issue a Form within 15 days of receipt of the appellate order. You have to confirm the claim on the same Form within 15 days of receipt of the Form.
The following conditions apply: The customer must provide proof of residence outside the EU (e.g. non-EU passport or residence permit). The goods must be taken out of the EU within 3 months of their purchase. The tourist must provide a stamped VAT refund document proving this.