What is the 2% shareholder rule?

Asked by: Porter Prohaska  |  Last update: September 25, 2025
Score: 4.2/5 (67 votes)

Some unique income tax rules apply to S corporations regarding compensation and fringe benefits paid to shareholders who own greater than 2% of the corporation. Under these S corp income tax rules, a greater than 2% shareholder is taxed as a partner in a partnership for fringe benefits received.

Who is considered a 2% shareholder of an S Corp?

(A 2-percent shareholder is someone who owns more than 2 percent of the outstanding stock of the corporation or stock possessing more than 2 percent of the total combined voting power of all stock of the corporation.)

Is a spouse considered a 2% shareholder for health insurance?

Let's start with the S corporation: An S corporation may deduct the health insurance and accident insurance premiums it pays for 2% shareholders, spouses, and their dependents. But to do so, it must report the premiums as wages on the respective shareholder's W-2.

Who cannot be an owner of an S Corp?

S corporations cannot be owned by corporations, LLCs, partnerships or many trusts. This is not the case for LLCs.

What is the 60/40 rule for S Corp?

The 60/40 rule is a simple approach that helps S corporation owners determine a reasonable salary for themselves. Using this formula, they divide their business income into two parts, with 60% designated as salary and 40% paid as shareholder distributions.

Company Law: Shares and Shareholders in 3 Minutes

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What is the 5 year rule for S Corp?

S Corps that lose their “S” status must typically wait five years before being able to re-elect it. As mentioned, deliberately violating one of the rules, such as transferring stock to an ineligible shareholder, is not a good thing.

Is it better to take a salary or distribution from an S Corp?

Payroll taxes are a 15.3% tax on income that covers Medicare and Social Security (separate from your income tax). It can add up fast! So any income you take as distributions rather than salary saves you that cost in taxes.

What is a disadvantage of S corp?

Because of the one-class-of-stock restriction, an S corporation cannot allocate losses or income to specific shareholders. Allocation of income and loss is governed by stock ownership, unlike partnerships or LLCs taxed as partnerships where the allocation can be set in the partnership agreement or operating agreement.

Can one person hold all the shares of an S corp?

Ownership rules for S Corporations

While S Corporations can have a single owner, there are some specific ownership rules to keep in mind. Only individuals, certain trusts, and estates can be shareholders. This means no partnerships or corporations can own an S Corporation. There's a maximum of 100 shareholders.

Is it better to have an LLC or S corp?

LLCs provide more flexibility than S Corps. For S Corps, there are pro-rata requirements for items of income, loss, or distributions. Conversely, owners of LLCs may specially allocate income, loss, and distributions within the parameters of the tax law.

Does S Corp income affect social security benefits?

Money you make working for an employer or that you pay yourself as a reasonable salary are wages and count toward your benefits. Things like investment income or distributions from your S Corp do not. This means that the S Corp tax structure will reduce your Social Security benefit somewhat.

Can my S Corp pay my Medicare premiums?

If you've established your business as an S corporation, the corporation can either pay your Medicare premiums directly on your behalf (and count them as a business expense) or the corporation can reimburse you for the premiums, with the amount included in your gross wages reported on your W2, and you can then deduct ...

Do husband and wife count as one shareholder?

HUSBAND AND WIFE WILL BE TREATED AS SOLE SHAREHOLDERS OF S CORPORATION STOCK HELD IN TRUST. Tax Notes.

How do I deduct my health insurance as a 2% shareholder?

As long as health insurance premiums are paid and reported correctly, 2 percent shareholders can take a line deduction for their health insurance plan on Form 1040—the Self-Employed Health Insurance Deduction.

Can my S Corp pay my mortgage?

The direct answer to whether an S Corp can pay a shareholder's mortgage is no. Personal expenses, including mortgage payments, cannot be directly paid by the corporation without significant tax implications and potential violations of IRS regulations.

Does an S Corp owner have to take a salary?

The short answer is "no", as long as the S Corp makes no distribution to the owner-employee to avoid payroll taxes.

Can you run an S corp by yourself?

Yes, one person can form an S corporation and serve as its sole board member and employee. Note, however, that you'll still need to hold annual board of directors meetings and take minutes at those meetings, even if you're the only attendee.

Am I personally liable for the debt of a S corporation?

S Corporations and Limited Liability Companies (“LLC”) both protect owners from personal liability for business debts and other liabilities, as long as all corporate formalities are followed.

Can I sell my S corp shares to anyone?

Keep in mind that S corporation distributions are generally only allowed to S corporation shareholders. Once an individual shareholder disposes of their interest in the stock, a distribution from the corporation cannot be made to an individual who is not a shareholder.

At what point is an S corp worth it?

From a tax perspective, it makes sense to convert an LLC into an S-Corp, when the self-employment tax exceeds the tax burden faced by the S-Corp. In general, with around $40,000 net income you should consider converting to S-Corp.

Are my personal assets protected with an S corp?

1. Asset protection. One major advantage of an S corporation is that it provides owners limited liability protection, regardless of its tax status. Limited liability protection means that the owners' personal assets are shielded from the claims of business creditors—whether the claims arise from contracts or litigation ...

Do S Corps get double taxed?

Shareholders of S corporations report the flow-through of income and losses on their personal tax returns and are assessed tax at their individual income tax rates. This allows S corporations to avoid double taxation on the corporate income.

What is a reasonable S corp salary?

You may or may not have heard of the S Corp Salary 60/40 rule. The guideline encourages setting reasonable compensation between 60% and 40% of the business's net profits. The IRS does not set this guideline. It should not be relied on as the only factor for deciding S corporation reasonable compensation.

What if my S corp made no money?

S Corp owners must file Form 1120-S, U.S. Income Tax Return for an S Corporation. Both C and S Corps follow the same guidelines for filing taxes with no income. If you had no income, you must file the corporation income tax return, regardless of whether you had expenses or not.

What is a reasonable salary for an LLC?

The IRS defines a reasonable salary as the amount someone doing similar work would receive in the same industry and location. If your compensation exceeds the standard, the IRS may challenge it and reclassify some of your dividends as employee wages, which would increase your self-employment taxes.