The PSLF program supports public servants—including teachers, nurses, social workers, first responders, service members, and other public servants—by forgiving the remaining student loan balance for those who make the required 120 qualifying monthly payments.
Student loans in the U.S. are generally either owned by the federal government or financial institutions. The federal government fully guarantees almost all student loans. Some student loans are held by agencies like Sallie Mae or a third-party loan servicing company.
Federal student loans are funded by issuing U.S. Treasuries, which is money borrowed from investors. The federal government must pay interest on the U.S. Treasuries. So, part of the interest that borrowers pay covers the cost of the funds that are used to make the loans.
In most cases, your child's school will give you your loan money by crediting it to your child's school account to pay tuition, fees, room, board, and other authorized charges. If there is money left over, the school will pay it to you.
If you have financial need, you may qualify for a loan for which the government pays the interest while you're in school on at least a half-time basis and during certain other periods. This type of loan is called a "subsidized loan."
All federal student aid programs – which include student loans, Pell Grants and work-study, for example – are funded by federal tax dollars paid by U.S. citizens. Each year, Congress appropriates money to fund these programs as part of the annual budget process.
Defaulted FFEL Program loans may be held by ED or by a guaranty agency. Defaulted Federal Perkins Loans may be held by a school or by ED. ED's Default Resolution Group, at the office of Federal Student Aid, oversees the collections process for all defaulted loans that are held by ED.
Student loan debt can't be inherited, but if you have private student loans and the lender doesn't discharge the debt when the borrower dies, they could pursue money from the person's estate, which could reduce the size of an inheritance.
The same principle applies to student loans. In the case of student loans, the student is responsible for repaying the debt — whether they graduated or not. The only exception to this rule are parent PLUS loans, in which the parent — not the student — is responsible for that debt.
Black women owe a disproportionate amount of student debt. They hold 43% more undergraduate debt and nearly 99% more graduate school debt than their white woman counterparts 12 months after graduation, according to an April 2022 study by the nonprofit organization The Education Trust.
Student loans are either public, funded through the U.S. Department of Education, or private, funded through loan companies or other financial institutions. More than 50% of students take out student loans.
You may be eligible for income-driven repayment (IDR) loan forgiveness if you've have been in repayment for 20 or 25 years. An IDR plan bases your monthly payment on your income and family size.
Are student loans forgiven when you retire? No, the federal government doesn't forgive student loans at age 50, 65, or when borrowers retire and start drawing Social Security benefits. So, for example, you'll still owe Parent PLUS Loans, FFEL Loans, and Direct Loans after you retire.
Typically, your college applies grant or loan money toward your tuition, fees, and, if you live on campus, room and board. Any money left over is paid to you for other expenses.
In 2014, the agency projected that taxpayers would profit to the tune of 11 cents for every dollar of student loans the federal government issued in fiscal year 2024. But the most recent projections figure instead that taxpayers will lose 20 cents on the dollar for loans issued this fiscal year. ”
The refunds aren't automatic because loan servicers need to process refund requests through the Department of Education. That can take anywhere from six to twelve weeks for some servicers and borrowers, and from 90 to 120 days for others.
Mostly the U.S. government. According to the office of Federal Student Aid, $1.62 trillion, or 93% of all student loan debt, is federal student loans. The remaining $131 billion (7%) is owed to private lenders, according to this Q3 2021 report from MeasureOne.
An income-driven repayment (IDR) plan bases your monthly student loan payment amount on your income and family size. For some people, payments on an IDR plan can be as low as $0 per month.
Key Takeaways
Carrying student debt can affect your ability to buy a home if your debt-to-income ratio is too high. If you have too much student loan debt, you won't be able to save as much for retirement. Student loan debt can lower your credit score, especially if you fail to make on-time payments.
If you work full time for a government or nonprofit organization, you may qualify for forgiveness of the entire remaining balance of your Direct Loans after you've made 120 qualifying payments—i.e., at least 10 years of payments. To benefit from PSLF, you need to repay your federal student loans under an IDR plan.
The government may take your federal income tax refund if you are in default. Computer records of all borrowers in default are sent to the I.R.S. If you are in default on your federal student loans, all or a portion of your tax refund may be taken and applied automatically to your federal student loan debt.