Wealthy family buys stocks, bonds, real estate, art, or other high-value assets. It strategically holds on to these assets and allows them to grow in value. The family won't owe income tax on the growth in the assets' value unless it sells them and makes a profit.
The biggest reason is pretty simple. When companies pay their employees with restricted stock, as Amazon does, the tax code allows them a deduction for the value of the restricted stock when the employees have full access to that stock, and can actually sell it (on the vest date).
You can assign a portion of your wealth to charitable trusts of two types: lead trusts and remainder trusts. Your estate, such as investments, hard assets, and even cash, can be allocated to a trust in the form of charitable donations. Most billionaires and ultra-rich individuals use this strategy for tax planning.
New York tax expert Robert Willens tells Barron's that Zuckerberg faces a 23.8% federal tax bite—20% federal tax on dividend income and a 3.8% Medicare surcharge—plus the top 13.3% state income-tax rate in California.
In some years, billionaires such as Jeff Bezos, Elon Musk and George Soros paid no federal income taxes at all. Billionaires avoid these taxes by taking out special ultra-low-interest loans available only to them and using their assets as collateral.
Additional information: Bezos paid zero federal income taxes in both 2007 and 2011. From 2006 to 2018, when Bezos' wealth increased by $127 billion, he reported a total of $6.5 billion in income. He paid $1.4 billion in personal federal taxes, a true tax rate of 1.1%.
The trust fund loophole refers to the “stepped-up basis rule” in U.S. tax law. The rule is a tax exemption that lets you use a trust to transfer appreciated assets to the trust's beneficiaries without paying the capital gains tax. Your “basis” in an asset is the price you paid for the asset.
In both scenarios, using a Qualified Personal Residence Trust (QPRT) may be the best strategy. A QPRT transfers an interest in the property to a trust for your children but gives you control over the property. However, you or your children must live in it during the QPRT term.
Nike's effective federal income tax rate was 5.9 percent in 2021, with $5.6 billion in U.S. earnings and only $328 million in federal income taxes. Coca-Cola's effective federal income tax was 7.1 percent in 2021, with $3.4 billion in U.S. earnings and only $243 million in federal income taxes.
Most of the government's federal income tax revenue comes from the nation's top income earners. In 2021, the top 5% of earners — people with incomes $252,840 and above — collectively paid over $1.4 trillion in income taxes, or about 66% of the national total.
S&P 500: Nearly 10% Of Companies Paid No Tax — Including Tesla | Investor's Business Daily.
Elon Musk to pay record-breaking $12 billion tax bill. CNBC's Robert Frank reports on Elon Musk's tax bill which is the largest in history. Musk will pay a total of $12 billion for 2021.
In fact, many wealthy people can and do "live off the interest." That is, they put a chunk of their fortune in a relatively safe collection of income-generating assets and live off of that—allowing them to be more adventurous with the rest.
A tax loophole usually arises from an omission, ambiguity, or exception to a certain aspect of the tax code, the set of rules that dictate how much money you are due to pay the government each year. Exploiting tax loopholes is not unlawful.
Parents and other family members who want to pass on assets during their lifetimes may be tempted to gift the assets. Although setting up an irrevocable trust lacks the simplicity of giving a gift, it may be a better way to preserve assets for the future.
Wealth and class
Families with "old money" use accumulated assets or savings to bridge interruptions in income, thus guarding against downward social mobility. "Old money" applies to those of the upper class whose wealth separates them from lower social classes.
If your home is valued at the allowed price or less, you may gift it to your children. As a rule, if you are gifting property valued at more than $14,000 in any one year, you must file a gift tax form, unless the recipient is your spouse. Keep in mind, this price applies to individuals.
Income is taxed to you, not your heirs.
With a GRAT, all income gains and losses will flow back to you as the grantor and be included on your personal income tax return. This allows more wealth to shift to heirs, because neither they nor the trust will have income tax responsibility.
Making a will to distribute your assets
Whether leaving assets to a spouse or civil partner, distributing assets to take advantage of tax-free allowances, or making gifts to charity, a valid will could help you to reduce or avoid Inheritance Tax altogether.
There are 2 primary methods of transferring wealth, either gifting during lifetime or leaving an inheritance at death. Individuals may transfer up to $13.99 million (as of 2025) during their lifetime or at death without incurring any federal gift or estate taxes. This is referred to as your lifetime exemption.
Others will object to taxing the wealthy unless they actually use their gains, but many of the wealthiest actually do use their gains through the borrowing loophole: They get rich, borrow against those gains, consume the borrowing, and do not pay any tax.
Currently worth $246 billion, Jeff Bezos is one of the richest men in the world. So it may come as a surprise to learn he kept his Amazon salary at just over $80,000 for decades.
Currently billionaires effectively pay far less personal tax than other taxpayers of more modest means because they can park wealth in shell companies sheltering them from income tax, the group said in its 2024 Global Tax Evasion Report.