An odds of 0.2 however seems less intuitive: 0.2 people will experience the event for every one that does not. This translates to one event for every five non-events (a risk of one in six or 17%).
An odds ratio greater than 1 indicates that the condition or event is more likely to occur in the first group. And an odds ratio less than 1 indicates that the condition or event is less likely to occur in the first group.
An odds ratio greater than 1 suggests that the event is more likely to occur in one group compared to another, indicating a positive association between the variables.
A risk ratio or rate ratio of less than 1.0 indicates a negative association between the exposure and outcome in the exposed group compared to the unexposed group. In this case, the exposure provides a protective effect.
Positive odds ratios indicate that the event is more likely to occur, whilst negative odd ratios indicate the event is less likely to occur.
A negative P/E ratio means the company has negative earnings or is losing money. Even the most established companies experience down periods, which may be due to environmental factors that are out of the company's control.
Odds is the chance of an event occurring against the event not occurring. Likelihood is the probability of a set of parameters being supported by the data in hand. In logistic regression, we use log odds to convert a probability-based model to a likelihood-based model.
In prospective studies interpretation of the odds ratio as an approximation to the relative risk becomes unreliable when events are common, and thus its use for prospective studies, especially randomised trials and systematic reviews, has been criticised.3,4 The distortion is especially large when the event rate is ...
The approach which uses as a weight, the inverse of an estimate of the odds ratio function relating the exposure and the mediator is universal in that it can be used to decompose total effects in a number of regression models commonly used in practice.
To convert from odds to a probability, divide the odds by one plus the odds. So to convert odds of 1/9 to a probability, divide 1/9 by 10/9 to obtain the probability of 0.10.
An OR of less than 1 means that the first group was less likely to experience the event. However, an OR value below 1.00 is not directly interpretable. The degree to which the first group is less likely to experience the event is not the OR result.
RELATIVE RISK AND ODDS RATIO
An RR (or OR) more than 1.0 indicates an increase in risk (or odds) among the exposed compared to the unexposed, whereas a RR (or OR) <1.0 indicates a decrease in risk (or odds) in the exposed group.
If the RR, OR, or HR = 1, or the confidence interval (CI) = 1, then there is no statistically significant difference between treatment and control groups. If the RR/OR/HR >1, and the CI does not include 1, events are significantly more likely in the treatment than the control group.
The higher the decimal odds, the less likely the event is to occur, and the higher the potential payout. For example, odds of 2.50 indicate that there is a 40% chance of the event occurring, while odds of 1.50 indicate a 66.67% chance.
Thus if expressed as a fraction with a numerator of 1, probability and odds differ by exactly 1 in the denominator: a probability of 1 in 100 (1/100 = 1%) is the same as odds of 1 to 99 (1/99 = 0.0101... = 0. 01), while odds of 1 to 100 (1/100 = 0.01) is the same as a probability of 1 in 101 (1/101 = 0.00990099...
The odds ratio is always positive, although the estimated log odds can be positive or negative (log odds of −0.2 equals odds ratio of 0.82 = exp(−0.2)).
An odds ratio (OR) is a measure of association between an exposure and an outcome. The OR represents the odds that an outcome will occur given a particular exposure, compared to the odds of the outcome occurring in the absence of that exposure.
The number needed to treat is simply the reciprocal of the absolute risk difference, or 1/ARR (or 100/ARR if percentages are used rather than proportions). A large treatment effect, in the absolute scale, leads to a small number needed to treat.
Since some of the integers are negative and some are positive, we can definitely have a negative ratio between them.
P/E Ratio = Stock Price / Earnings Per Share (EPS)
In general, if a company has a high P/E ratio it indicates that the stock valuation is expensive, while a low P/E ratio might mean the stock is cheap. If the P/E ratio is negative, then it often means the company is losing money.
What if current ratio is negative? A negative ratio is a red flag. It means the company has more current liabilities than assets and might struggle to pay its bills.