Section 121 and Section 1031 of the Internal Revenue Code differ primarily in purpose: Section 121 allows individuals to exclude up to $ 250 , 000 $ 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 ( $ 500 , 000 $ 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 married) of capital gains from selling a primary residence. Conversely, Section 1031 allows investors to defer paying capital gains tax on the exchange of investment or business property.
121 applies to real estate that is your principal residence, and Sec. 1031 applies to real estate that is used for business or rental purposes.
Section 1031(f) provides that if a Taxpayer exchanges with a related party then the party who acquired the property in the exchange must hold it for 2 years or the exchange will be disallowed.
The Section 121 Exclusion allows individuals who sell their primary residences to put the proceeds from the sale into purchasing another home without having to pay taxes on the gain.
Determine whether you meet the residence requirement.
If you owned the home and used it as your residence for at least 24 months of the previous 5 years, you meet the residence requirement.
The seller must have owned the home and used it as their principal residence for two out of the last five years (up to the date of closing). The two years don't have to be consecutive to qualify. The seller must not have sold a home in the last two years and claimed the capital gains tax exclusion.
On July 4, 2025, President Donald J. Trump signed the “One Big Beautiful Bill” into law — a broad tax package aimed at stimulating investment. For real estate investors, the biggest win is what the bill didn't change: Section 1031 Like-Kind Exchanges remain fully intact.
Benefits of a 1031 Exchange
Defer Capital Gains Tax: A 1031 exchange allows you to defer capital gains taxes, which can be substantial. This deferral can free up more capital for reinvestment, enabling you to acquire larger or more lucrative properties.
The Deferred Sales Trust is a 1031 exchange alternative that lets you sell your company, practice, or property and defer capital gains tax. The Deferred Sales Trust acts a third party in your transaction. You, as the seller, sell your asset to the trust. The trust then sells your asset to the buyer.
You can avoid or defer capital gains tax on real estate by using the primary residence exclusion ($250k/$500k for 2-year ownership), executing a 1031 Exchange for investment properties, selling at a loss to offset gains, gifting to charity, holding the property in a self-directed IRA, or using strategies like installment sales, but the most common methods involve living in the home or reinvesting in another property.
If you sell your house and don't buy another, you'll have cash proceeds (after paying off the mortgage and selling costs) and need to decide on new housing, often renting or moving in with family; financially, you might benefit from the IRS capital gains exclusion (up to $250k/$500k profit if you've lived there two of the last five years), but you'll pay tax on gains beyond that, while also managing the new costs of renting or storage.
The 20% rule for capital gains refers to the highest federal tax rate for long-term capital gains, applying to higher income brackets when you sell investments (stocks, real estate) held for over a year, with lower rates of 0% and 15% for lower incomes, and even higher rates for special assets like collectibles. This rate kicks in for single filers earning over approximately $492,300 (2024) or $533,401 (2025), and higher for joint filers, making holding assets over a year a key tax strategy.
The "6-year rule" for Capital Gains Tax (CGT) in Australia allows you to treat a former main residence as tax-exempt for up to six years after you move out, even if you rent it out, enabling you to avoid CGT on any growth during that period. You qualify by moving out, choosing to treat it as your main home for tax, and can reset the rule by moving back in. If you rent it out for longer than six years, only the portion of the gain after the six-year mark becomes taxable.
On a $100,000 capital gain, you'll likely pay 15% for long-term gains, resulting in about $15,000 in federal tax (plus potential state tax), but it could be 0% or 20% depending on your total taxable income and filing status, while short-term gains are taxed as ordinary income (potentially 22-24%).
Potential Downsides and Risks of a 1031 Exchange
To qualify for 0% capital gains tax, you must have long-term capital gains (assets held over a year) and your taxable income (after deductions) must fall below specific IRS thresholds, which change annually but are roughly <$48,350 for single filers and <$96,700 for married filing jointly for the 2025 tax year, allowing for higher total income when combined with deductions like the standard deduction. The key is keeping your adjusted gross income (AGI) low enough so that after subtracting deductions, your taxable income remains within these limits.
The primary "one-time" capital gains exemption in the U.S. allows single filers to exclude up to $250,000 (or $500,000 for married couples filing jointly) of profit from selling their main home, provided they've owned and lived in it for at least two of the last five years before the sale. While it's often called a one-time exclusion, you can use it multiple times, but you must wait two years before claiming it again on another property.
Billionaires often employ the “buy, borrow, die” strategy to avoid income and capital gains taxes. First, they acquire appreciating assets like stocks or real estate. Instead of selling these assets when they need cash (which would trigger capital gains tax), they borrow against them at favorable interest rates.
Capital improvements: Improvements that add value to your home or prolong its useful life can reduce the amount of capital gains tax you owe when you sell your home, but won't be immediately deductible.